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Passage three:
Architectural morphology is the study of how shifting cultural and environmental conditions produce changes in an architectural form. When applied to the mission churches of New Mexico exemplifying seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Spanish colonial architecture in what is now the southwestern United States, architectural morphology reveals much about how Native American culture transformed the traditional European church architecture of the Spanish missionaries who hoped to convert NativeAmericans to Christianity.
Many studies of these mission churches have carefully documented the history and design of their unique architectural form, most attribute the churches’ radical departure from their sixteenth-century European predecessors to local climate and a less-mechanized building technology. Certainly, the limitations imposed by manual labor and the locally available materials of mud-brick and timber necessitated a divergence from the original European church model. However, the emergence of a church form suited to life in the Southwest was rooted in something more fundamental than material and technique. The new architecture resulted from cultural forces in both the Spanish colonial and indigenous Native American societies, each with competing ideas about form and space and different ways of conveying these ideas symbolically.
For example, the mission churches share certain spatial qualities with the indigenous kiva,a round,partly subterranean room used by many Southwest Native American communities for important rituals. Like the kiva it was intended to replace, the typical mission church had thick walls of adobe(sun-dried earth and straw), a beaten-earth floor, and one or two small windows. In deference to European custom, the ceilings of these churches were higher than those of the traditional kiva.However, with the limited lighting afforded by their few small windows, these churches still suggest the kiva's characteristically low, boxlike, earth-hugging interior. Thus, although pragmatic factors of construction may have contributed to the shape of the mission churches, as earlier studies suggest,the provision of a sacred space consistent with indigenous traditions may also have been an important consideration in their design.
The continued viability of the kiva itself in Spanish mission settlements has also been underestimated by historians. Freestanding kivas discovered in the ruins of European-style missionary communities have been explained by some historians as examples of “superposition”. Under this theory, Christian domination over indigenous faiths is dramatized by surrounding the kiva with Christian buildings.However, as James Ivey points out, such superposition was unlikely, since historical records indicate that most Spanish missionaries, arriving in the Southwest with little or no military support, wisely adopted a somewhat conciliatory attitude toward the use of the kiva at least initially. This fact, and the careful, solitary placement of the kiva in the center of the mission-complex courtyards, suggests an intention to highlight the importance of the kiva rather than to diminish it.
detach
[阅读&逻辑 ]新版冲分救命题 -11894
Select the sentence that presents a conventional requirement that is rejected by the author of the passage.
[阅读&逻辑 ]精选题 -11861
Which of the following, if true of the cave, most weakens the argument?
[阅读&逻辑 ]精选题 -11860
It can be inferred that the “sediments
[阅读&逻辑 ]精选题 -11859
Which of the following best describes the issue raised by the question in the highlighted portion of the passage?
[阅读&逻辑 ]精选题 -11858
It can be inferred that which of the following is true of the “geologic evidence”?
[阅读&逻辑 ]精选题 -11857
Which of the following elements in the debate over the origin of Varanus is NOT provided in the passage?
[阅读&逻辑 ]精选题 -11856
It can be inferred from the passage that the geographical distribution of the Komodo dragon is
[阅读&逻辑 ]精选题 -11855
Which of the following, if discovered to be true, would most tend to suggest that the “correlation” mentioned in the passage held true for the people of the West Branch site?
[阅读&逻辑 ]精选题 -11854
The final sentence of the passage primarily serves to do which of the following?
[阅读&逻辑 ]精选题 -11853
The passage implies which of the following about beavers?
[阅读&逻辑 ]精选题 -11852
The passage provides support for which of the following statements about beaver dams?
[阅读&逻辑 ]精选题 -11851
According to the passage, which of the following best accounts for the apparent bias in antelope-migration direction?
[阅读&逻辑 ]精选题 -11850
The author of the passage implies that during the
[阅读&逻辑 ]精选题 -11849
According to the passage, which of the following is true of an Eurasia-Africa land bridge during ice ages?
[填空 ]精选题 -11843
The political upheaval caught most people by surprise: despite the ______ warning of some commentators, it had never seemed that imminent.
[填空 ]精选题 -11842
Even if the story now seems a surprisingly innocuous overture to the author’s later, more fully developed narrations, it ____ some of the key traits of those bleaker tales.
[填空 ]精选题 -11841
William Perkins, his ______ speaking style notwithstanding, has long been seen as the moderate face of his political party.
[填空 ]精选题 -11840
Just because, as a photographer, Friedlander (i)____ places that most people consider ugly does not mean that he is out to prove they are beautiful. Instead, his work suggests that the photographer simply cannot ignore so much of the built American landscape but is obligated to (ii)_____ what we pass through day in and day out, regardless of (iii)_____.
[填空 ]精选题 -11839
In the search for truth, the knowledge gained by scientists consists of approximations with varying degrees of certainty. Such (i)_____ truth can be highly (ii)_____, as the rapid and relatively steady progress of medical knowledge well exemplifies.
[填空 ]精选题 -11838
History teaches us that science is not _________ enterprise, indeed, it is quite the opposite, a motley assortment of tools designed to safeguard researchers against their own biases.
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