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Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers—using non-scientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been non-verbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.
The creative shaping process of a technologist’s mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should the valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions, such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.
Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail “hard thinking,” nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.
If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.
According to the passage, random failures in automatic control systems are "not merely trivial aberrations" (lines53) because
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[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11998
The integers a, b, and c are positive, and a>b>c. When a, b, and c are divided by 3, the remainders are 0, 1, and 1, respectively.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11997
For all positive even integers n. n* represents the product of all even integers from 2 to n, inclusive. For example, 12*=12×10×8×6×4×2. What is the greatest prime factor of 20*+22*?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11996
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11995
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11994
In a game, the cards in a certain deck are distributed to players one at a time until each player has the same number of cards and there are not enough cards left in the deck to distribute one more card to each player. The number of cards in the deck is between 60 and 100. If the cards in the deck are distributed o 5 players, 2 cards will be left in the deck. If the cards in the deck are distributed to 6 players, 4 cards will be left in the deck. If the cards in the deck are distributed to 7 players, how many cards will be left in the deck?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11993
Let a be the greatest integer such that is a factor of 1,500, and let b be the greatest integer such that is a factor of 33,333,333. Which of the following statements are true? Indicate all such statements.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11992
A set consists of all three-digit positive integers with the following properties.Each integer is of the form JKL,where J,K,and I are digits;all the digits are nonzero;and the two-digit integers JK and KL are each divisible by 9.How many integers are in the set?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11991
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11990
The number of children in a certain family is a prime number less than 10. The number of boys in the family is greater than the number of girls, and the number of boys is a prime number. If at least 1 of the children in the family is a girl, which of the following could be the number of boys in the family?Indicate all such numbers.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11989
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11988
x and y are integers.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11987
x and y are integers.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11986
a and b are distinct odd prime numbers.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11985
When the integer n is divided by 33, the remainder is 24. Which of the following must be a divisor of n?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11984
4.What is the length of an edge of the smallest solid cube that can be made by placing together solid rectangular blocks of size 7 by 6 by 3?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11983
Light travels at approximately 186,000 miles per second.Which of the following is closest to the number of miles that light travels in 3 hours.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11982
The number n is the least positive integer for which 108n is the square of an intege
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11981
The number n is the least positive integer for which 108n is the square of an intege
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11980
If x=2y+1, and y=2w, where w, x, and y are integers, which of the following must be an odd integer?
[数学 ]OG -11979
If x=2y+1, and y=2w, where w, x, and y are integers, which of the following must be an odd integer?
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