Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?_GRE真题机经搜索_gre真题题库_GRE真题题目解析

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During the past 1,000 years, the climates of the British Isles and continental Europe have undergone various episodes of change. It has long been believed that the demographic and economic expansion of Europe between the tenth and thirteenth centuries coincided with, and was perhaps encouraged by, a period of relative warmth, favorable to the expansion of cereal cultivation and the colonization of previously inhospitable environments. This benign phase, although variously dated, was seen to lie between a period of less favorable conditions in the late and post-Roman centuries and the so-called Little Ice Age of the early modem period, which was characterized by an overall cooling of the climate and, in particular by an increased severity of winters. Climatic deterioration was seen to have begun by circa 1300, presaged by an increase in stormy conditions in Europe, and associated with runs of wet and cool summers and the widespread harvest failures and livestock mortality of the years 1315-1322.

The integrity of the so-called medieval warm period, once considered a global phenomenon, has, however, been called into question by recent paleoenvironmental research. The picture that now emerges is of a less coherent and perhaps more geographically restricted phase—variously dated —of relative warmth, when temperatures in northwest Europe and the North Atlantic area were on average higher than in the post-Roman and early modern periods, although probably not warmer than in the late twentieth century. Some types of evidence, including the records of the advance and retreat of Alpine glaciers, suggest that the later fourteenth and early fififteenth centuries may have seen a notable climatic downturn, followed by a temporary amelioration around1500, before renewed cooling into the Late Maunder Minimum period of 1675-1715. The relationship between glacial advance or retreat and temperature is, however, complex. A study of winter severity in central Europe during the fourteenth century found no clear trend, rather the alternation of runs of cold and mild winters.with the most sustained period of severe winters falling in the period 301-1328. English documentary sources have been used to suggest a cooling trend from circa 1240-1340, with a subsequent amelioration followed by renewed cooling from circa 1510, but the sporadic nature of this data series necessitates caution. A long-term cooling trend in the northern hemisphere between the twelfth/thirteenth and the seventeenth centuries does, however emerge from a plethora of sources, including tree-ring data, the study of lake and ocean sediments, and analysis of Greenland ice cores.

Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

A once-dominant theory is presented, competing theories are considered, and a new scholarly consensus is identifified. An established view is summarized, some aspects of that view are reconsidered in light of new evidence, and some elements of the earlier view are confifirmed A phenomenon is described, the chronology of the phenomenon is detailed, and evidence supporting that chronology is presented Possible causes of an event are considered, evidence pertaining to those causes is assessed,and a conclusion is drawn. The consequences of a particular change are identifified, some new fifindings about those consequences are presented, and a direction for future research is proposed.

正确答案： B 耗时：