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During the past 1,000 years, the climates of the British Isles and continental Europe have undergone various episodes of change. It has long been believed that the demographic and economic expansion of Europe between the tenth and thirteenth centuries coincided with, and was perhaps encouraged by, a period of relative warmth , favorable to the expansion of cereal cultivation and the colonization of previously inhospitable environments. This benign phase, although variously dated, was seen to lie between a period of less favorable conditions in the late and post-Roman centuries and the so-called Little Ice Age of the early moderm period, which was characterized by an overall cooling of the climate and, in particular,by an increased severity of winters. Climatic deterioration was seen to have begun by circa 1300, presaged by an increase in stormy conditions in Europe, and associated with runs of wet and cool summers and the widespread harvest failures and livestock mortality of the years 1315-1322.
The integrity of the so-called medieval warm period, once considered a global phenomenon, has, however, been called into question by recent paleoenvironmental research. The picture that now emerges is of a less coherent and perhaps more geographically restricted phase—variously dated—of relative warmth, when temperatures in northwest Europe and the North Atlantic area were on average higher than in the post-Roman and early modern periods,although probably not warmer than in the late twentieth century.Some types of evidence, including the records of the advance and retreat of Alpine glaciers, suggest that the later fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries may have seen a notable climatic downturn,followed by a temporary amelioration around 1500, before renewed cooling into the Late Maunder Minimum period of 1675-1715.The relationship between glacial advance or retreat and temperature is,however, complex. A study of winter severity in central Europe during the fourteenth century found no clear trend, rather the altermation of runs of cold and mild winters, with the most sustained period of severe winters falling in the period 1301-1328.English documentary sources have been used to suggest a cooling trend from circa 1240-1340, with a subsequent amelioration followed by renewed cooling from circa 1510, but the sporadic nature of this data series necessitates caution. A long-term cooling trend in the northern hemisphere between the twelfth/thirteenth and the seventeenth centuries does, however, emerge from a plethora of sources,including tree-ring data, the study of lake and ocean sediments, and analysis of Greenland ice cores.
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当前版本由 349131oyxk 更新于2024-07-14 15:33:14 感谢由 349131oyxk 对此题目的解答所做出的贡献。
这段文字讨论了过去1000年来英国群岛和欧洲大陆气候经历的各种变化。长期以来人们认为，欧洲在10至13世纪间的人口和经济扩展与一个相对温暖的时期同时发生，这可能促进了谷物种植的扩展和先前不适宜生存环境的殖民化。这个有利的时期，尽管日期不一，被认为位于罗马后期和后期、早期现代的不利条件之间，以及所谓的小冰期之间。小冰期以气候总体变冷为特征，尤其是冬季严寒加剧。气候恶化大约从1300年开始，欧洲风暴条件增加，伴随着潮湿和凉爽的夏季以及1315-1322年的广泛收成失败和牲畜死亡。
近期古环境研究对所谓的中世纪温暖期的全球现象提出了质疑。现在出现的图景是一个相对不那么一致、地理上可能更为受限的温暖阶段，日期各不相同，当时西北欧和北大西洋地区的温度平均比罗马后期和早期现代高，尽管可能不如20世纪末温暖。一些证据类型，包括阿尔卑斯冰川的前进和后退记录，表明14至15世纪后期可能经历了显著的气候下降，随后在1500年左右暂时改善，然后进入1675-1715年的晚蒙德极小期的再次变冷。然而，冰川前进或后退与温度之间的关系是复杂的。对14世纪中欧冬季严重程度的研究没有显示明确的趋势，而是冷暖交替，其中最持续的严冬期落在1301-1328年。英国文献资料表明，从1240年至1340年左右存在一种冷却趋势，随后是暂时的改善，然后从1510年开始再次冷却，但这些数据的零星性质需要谨慎对待。然而，从树木年轮数据、湖泊和海洋沉积物研究以及格陵兰冰芯分析等众多来源可以看出，北半球在12/13世纪至17世纪之间存在长期的冷却趋势。
主要目的是：
B. 讨论关于特定现象学术观点的转变。
这个选择符合因为文章首先概述了对中世纪温暖期全球现象的传统看法，然后指出最近的古环境研究对这一看法提出了质疑，呈现了学术观点的变化过程。
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