which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?答案解析-雷哥GRE

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During the past 1,000 years, the climates of the British Isles and continental Europe have undergone various episodes of change. It has long been believed that the demographic and economic expansion of Europe between the tenth and thirteenth centuries coincided with, and was perhaps encouraged by, a period of relative warmth , favorable to the expansion of cereal cultivation and the colonization of previously inhospitable environments. This benign phase, although variously dated, was seen to lie between a period of less favorable conditions in the late and post-Roman centuries and the so-called Little Ice Age of the early moderm period, which was characterized by an overall cooling of the climate and, in particular,by an increased severity of winters. Climatic deterioration was seen to have begun by circa 1300, presaged by an increase in stormy conditions in Europe, and associated with runs of wet and cool summers and the widespread harvest failures and livestock mortality of the years 1315-1322.

The integrity of the so-called medieval warm period, once considered a global phenomenon, has, however, been called into question by recent paleoenvironmental research. The picture that now emerges is of a less coherent and perhaps more geographically restricted phase—variously dated—of relative warmth, when temperatures in northwest Europe and the North Atlantic area were on average higher than in the post-Roman and early modern periods,although probably not warmer than in the late twentieth century.Some types of evidence, including the records of the advance and retreat of Alpine glaciers, suggest that the later fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries may have seen a notable climatic downturn,followed by a temporary amelioration around 1500, before renewed cooling into the Late Maunder Minimum period of 1675-1715.The relationship between glacial advance or retreat and temperature is,however, complex. A study of winter severity in central Europe during the fourteenth century found no clear trend, rather the altermation of runs of cold and mild winters, with the most sustained period of severe winters falling in the period 1301-1328.English documentary sources have been used to suggest a cooling trend from circa 1240-1340, with a subsequent amelioration followed by renewed cooling from circa 1510, but the sporadic nature of this data series necessitates caution. A long-term cooling trend in the northern hemisphere between the twelfth/thirteenth and the seventeenth centuries does, however, emerge from a plethora of sources,including tree-ring data, the study of lake and ocean sediments, and analysis of Greenland ice cores.

which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

A once-dominant theory is presented, competing theories are considered. and a new scholarly consensus is identified. An established view is summarized. some aspects of that view are reconsidered in light of new evidence, and some elements of the earlier view are confirmed. A phenomenon is described,the chronology of the phenomenon is detailed, and evidence supporting that chronology is presented. Possible causes of an event are considered. evidence pertaining to those causes is assessed, and a conclusion is drawn. The consequences of a particular change are identified, some new findings about those consequences are presented, and a direction for future research is proposed.

正确答案： B 耗时：

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当前版本由 349131oyxk 更新于2024-07-14 15:46:22 感谢由 349131oyxk 对此题目的解答所做出的贡献。
1. 文章结构的描述：
  - A once-dominant theory is presented, competing theories are considered, and a new scholarly consensus is identified. 这个选项描述的是一种可能的文章结构，但可能不适用于此处，因为文章并没有明确呈现一个曾经占主导地位的理论。
  - An established view is summarized, some aspects of that view are reconsidered in light of new evidence, and some elements of the earlier view are confirmed. 这个选项最符合文章的结构，通常文章会总结一个已有的观点或理论，然后在新证据的光下重新考虑某些方面，并最终确认或调整早期观点的一些要素。
  - A phenomenon is described, the chronology of the phenomenon is detailed, and evidence supporting that chronology is presented. 这个选项描述的是另一种文章结构，可能适用于描述某一现象的文章，但不一定适用于论述和解释性质更强的文章。
  - Possible causes of an event are considered, evidence pertaining to those causes is assessed, and a conclusion is drawn. 这个选项描述了考虑事件可能原因、评估相关证据和得出结论的结构，但通常不适用于总结和重新考虑观点的文章。
  - The consequences of a particular change are identified, some new findings about those consequences are presented, and a direction for future research is proposed. 这个选项描述了另一种可能的文章结构，侧重于变化的后果和未来研究方向，但不适用于这里的总结和重新考虑观点的情况。
  因此，最能描述文章结构的选项是：An established view is summarized, some aspects of that view are reconsidered in light of new evidence, and some elements of the earlier view are confirmed.
当前版本由 349131oyxk 更新于2024-07-14 15:44:22 感谢由 349131oyxk 对此题目的解答所做出的贡献。
1. 关于冰川的推断： 正确答案是 "C"：冰川的退缩不能一概而论地与气候变暖期间保持一致。
  - 这个推断是从文章中得出的结论，冰川的进退受到多种因素的影响，不仅仅是温度，还包括降水模式和地理因素。
2. 文章结构的描述： 正确答案是 "B"：总结一个已建立的观点，考虑新证据下该观点的一些方面，同时确认早期观点的某些要素。
  - 这种结构匹配文章可能采用的方式，首先总结一个已知的观点或理论，然后在新证据的光下重新考虑某些方面，并最终确认或调整早期观点的一些要素。
3. 关于"相对温暖期"的推断： 正确答案是 "C"：这一期间似乎发生在比之前所认为的范围更为有限的地区。
  - 这一推断表明，文章中讨论的相对温暖期，并不像最初认为的那样广泛，显示出地区性变化，而非一个更广泛区域内的统一气候变化。

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