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Medieval authors continually reworked their own manuscripts,proving a variety of competing texts during their own lifetimes.Later editors often merged,reorganized,supplemented,or suppressed, parts of these manuscripts when they were having them copied by hes,who were themselves sometimes unreliable. Thus,the proper ordering of tales within The Canterbury Tales and the proper sequential reconstruction of the framing narrative that surrounds them remain topics of dispute in Chaucer studies. In recent years,the usefulness of the Ellesmere manuscript as a guide to Chaucer' s own intentions has been severely criticized, especially in relation to another,very early (though incomplete) manuscript, Hengwrt. In asserting that Hengwrt is closer to Chaucer's original than Ellesmere is,scholars deploy a number of arguments:that the text of some of the Tales is more comprehensible in Hengwrt than in Ellesmere,that although both manuscripts were written within a decade after Chaucer's death,Hengwrt is,by paleographic means,demonstrably the earlier,that the very fact that Hengwrt presents the Tales in a jumbled sequence more accurately reflects the probably chaotic state of Chaucer's papers at the time of his death,and that the same scribe wrote both the Ellesmere and the Hengwrt manuscripts,and since a since was unlikely to undo sensible established sequence,the coherent arrangement of Ellesmere is later and more representative of editorial intervention than authorial intention.
Not all of these assertions can be unequivocally accepted,and even those that can be serve as much to support as to undermine theauthonity of Ellesmere's presentation of the Tales. The chronological priority of Hengwrt,for example,is by no means certain:some expert paleographers find themselves unable to pronounce on the question .And even if one were to accept the outmoded assumption that the medieval manuscript created earliest is automatically the least “corrupt", and could demonstrate that Hengwrt was earlier, its chronological priority would prove little. Ellesmere could,after all,have been a copy of an even earlier manuscript,one unrelated to Hengwrt but now lost to us. Nor is it certain that Hengwrt and Ellesmere were written by the same scribe : certain divergences in spelling strongly suggest they were not More importantly,while Ellesmere certainly docs present the Tales in a more artistic and satisfying sequence than does Hengwrt,this handy proves that the jumbled ordering of Hengwrt is closer ether to what was available after Chaucer's death or to his intention If Chaucer left so finished manuscript of the Tales, Hengwrt too is the product of editorial intervention : someone gathered the materials for it and put them in a set order for a scribe to copy Editors cannot put such posthumous materials together without making some hypothesis about authorial intentions,the accuracy of such by hypothesis has always depended on the information available to then and on the intelligence with which they used it.
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A的分析： 古文字學證據關於手稿年代的證據充其量是模糊的，專家古文字學家經常意見不一致。 文章確實提到關於手稿年代的爭議，但這只是問題的一部分。文章並沒有強調這是持續爭議的主要原因。 E的分析： 中世紀文學作品的截然不同版本在作者生前和死後同時流通。 文章明確提到中世紀作者經常重新編寫自己的手稿，並且在作者生前和死後存在不同版本的情況。這使得確定正確的順序變得困難，因為有多種競爭文本同時存在。可以locate 到原文： Medieval authors continually reworked their own manuscripts,proving a variety of competing texts during their own lifetimes.Later editors often merged,reorganized,supplemented,or suppressed, parts of these manuscripts when they were having them copied by hes,who were themselves sometimes unreliable. Thus,the proper ordering of tales within The Canterbury Tales and the proper sequential reconstruction of the framing narrative that surrounds them remain topics of dispute in Chaucer studies.
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[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12222
Three numbers are to be selected at random and without replacement from the five numbers 4, 5,7,8, and 11.What is the probability that the three numbers selected could be the lengths of the sides of a triangle?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12221
There are 5!. or 120. ways of arranging 5 different solid-colored flags side by side. If the colors of the flags are red, blue，yellow，green, and orange，how many of those arrangements have either the red fag or the blue flag in the middle position?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12220
k is randomly selected from the set of integers from 1 to 100, inclusive.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12219
REENA'S MOVIE COLLECTION The table above shows the number of movies in each genre in Reena's movie collection. If two different movies are to be selected at random from the collection. what is the probability that neither movie will be in the science fiction genre?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12218
Several 0 and 1 are arranged in a 10*10 palace as follows. Among all the number 0, what is the probability that they are arranged in both an odd row and an odd column? Give your answer as a fraction.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12217
There are 5!, or 120,ways of arranging 5 different solid-colored flags side by side. If the colors of the flags are red, blue,yellow, green, and orange,how many of those arrangements have either the red flag or the blue flag in the middle position?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12216
Pat has five matched pairs of socks and no two of the pairs are the same color. If Pat selects two socks simultaneously and at random, what is the probability that the two socks selected will be a matched pair.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12215
A box contains 100 purple balls, 100 red balls, and 100 white balls. What is the minimum number of balls that must be chosen to ensure that at least 4 of the balls chosen have the same color.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12214
The cast of a certain play has 2 male characters and 2 female characters. The director of the play will select the 2 male characters from 6 male actors and the 2 female characters from 8 female actors. How many different sets of 4 actors, consisting of 2 male actors and 2 female actors, are there that can be selected by the director?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12213
P is the set of all of all positive factors of 20, and Q is the set of all positive factors of 12. If a member of Pwill be chosen at random, what is the probability that the chosen member will also be member of Q .
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12212
Average Per-Pupil Expenditures for the I0 Percent of School Districts State X That Had the Highest Expenditures (Group H) Compared to the 10 Percent of School Districts That had the Lowest Expenditures (Group L)
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12211
Average Per-Pupil Expenditures for the 10 Percent of School Districts State X That Had the Highest Expenditures (Group H) Compared to the 10 Percent of School Districts That had the Lowest Expenditures (Group L)For the 1986-87 school year, the ratio of the average per-pupil expenditures or the Group L districts to the average for the Group H districts was closest to
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12210
Average Per-Pupil Expenditures for the I0 Percent of School Districts State X That Had the Highest Expenditures (Group H) Compared to the 10 Percent of School Districts That had the Lowest Expenditures (Group L) From the 1979-80 school year to the 1989-90 school year, the average per-pupil expenditures for the Group L school districts increased by approximately.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12209
As a telephone salesperson, Kay made an average (arithmetic mean) of x sales calls per day for n consecutive days. On the next day, she made k sales calls. Which of the following represents the average number of sales calls per day for the n+1 days?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12208
Set S consists of 8 positive integrs,3 of which are even, Set T consists of all numbers of the form x+x2 ,where x is member of set S.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12207
Lists S and T each consist of 5 consecutive integers. The greatest integer in S is equal to the least integer in T.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12206
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12205
List S : 1,2 ,3, k,2k If k< 2, which of the following numbers could be the median of the five numbers in list ? Indicate all such numbers.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12204
In 1990 approximately what percent of the total population of neighborhood was foreign-born with Europe as region of origin?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -12203
A list of the names of the people of the entire 1990 foreign-born population in neighborhood was generated, with each person’s name appearing once. The names of 2 different people will be randomly selected from the list. Which of the following is closest to the probability that both names selected will be names of people whose region of origin was “Other”?
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