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The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others. 

The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention-that aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation. The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake, more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction. Arousal is at irst general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes. 

The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly aggressive, inner-directed, tuned by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard`s instinctive snap at a passing beetle. Using past events as a framework, the large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant sounds-and yesterday`s unforgotten lessons. The herbivore prey is of a different mind. Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk-thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.

The author provides information that would answer which of the following questions?

正确答案: AB 耗时:
该题平均耗时:1分46秒 ,平均正确率:42 %,难度系数:4 。 该题由网友提供。更多GRE题目请 点击上传

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网友解析

我有更好的解析
  • 当前版本由一朵乌云更新于2018-05-09 10:01:07 感谢由一朵乌云对此题目的解答所做出的贡献。

    长阅读遇到全文定位的多选题,如果觉得定位很吃力,个人感觉可以直接mask---next

    A. 可以在第 37 行找到答案:Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.害怕的原因是因为产生了norepinephrine,不需要知道是什么意思,通过effect即可获得答案;

    B. 定位到 24 行:Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images”;

    C. 文章没有提到关于刺激消失的介绍。


题目讨论 (如果对题目有任何的疑惑,欢迎在这里提出来,大家会帮你解答的哦~)

就爱GRE

根据第一句,DUE IN,应该可以理解为是在说原因吧
3楼  | 2023-07-13 13:26:55 回复

Gre滚滚滚滚滚

不是 a还是不太能理解 他只是说norepinephrine会产生fear但没有解释为什么食草动物感到害怕而不是别的情绪啊
2楼  | 2023-02-12 02:10:55 回复

长颈鹿在哪里呀

然而我还是错了这道题
1楼  | 2018-04-27 09:26:35 回复
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