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Passage three:
Architectural morphology is the study of how shifting cultural and environmental conditions produce changes in an architectural form. When applied to the mission churches of New Mexico exemplifying seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Spanish colonial architecture in what is now the southwestern United States, architectural morphology reveals much about how Native American culture transformed the traditional European church architecture of the Spanish missionaries who hoped to convert NativeAmericans to Christianity.
Many studies of these mission churches have carefully documented the history and design of their unique architectural form, most attribute the churches’ radical departure from their sixteenth-century European predecessors to local climate and a less-mechanized building technology. Certainly, the limitations imposed by manual labor and the locally available materials of mud-brick and timber necessitated a divergence from the original European church model. However, the emergence of a church form suited to life in the Southwest was rooted in something more fundamental than material and technique. The new architecture resulted from cultural forces in both the Spanish colonial and indigenous Native American societies, each with competing ideas about form and space and different ways of conveying these ideas symbolically.
For example, the mission churches share certain spatial qualities with the indigenous kiva,a round, partly subterranean room used by many Southwest Native American communities for important rituals. Like the kiva it was intended to replace, the typical mission church had thick walls of adobe (sun-dried earth and straw), a beaten-earth floor, and one or two small windows. In deference to European custom, the ceilings of these churches were higher than those of the traditional kiva. However, with the limited lighting afforded by their few small windows, these churches still suggest the kiva's characteristically low, boxlike, earth-hugging interior. Thus, although pragmatic factors of construction may have contributed to the shape of the mission churches, as earlier studies suggest, the provision of a sacred space consistent with indigenous traditions may also have been an important consideration in their design.
The continued viability of the kiva itself in Spanish mission settlements has also been underestimated by historians. Freestanding kivas discovered in the ruins of European-style missionary communities have been explained by some historians as examples of “superposition”. Under this theory, Christian domination over indigenous faiths is dramatized by surrounding the kiva with Christian buildings. However, as James Ivey points out, such superposition was unlikely, since historical records indicate that most Spanish missionaries, arriving in the Southwest with little or no military support, wisely adopted a somewhat conciliatory attitude toward the use of the kiva at least initially. This fact, and the careful, solitary placement of the kiva in the center of the mission-complex courtyards, suggests an intention to highlight the importance of the kiva rather than to diminish it.
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[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11998
The integers a, b, and c are positive, and a>b>c. When a, b, and c are divided by 3, the remainders are 0, 1, and 1, respectively.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11997
For all positive even integers n. n* represents the product of all even integers from 2 to n, inclusive. For example, 12*=12×10×8×6×4×2. What is the greatest prime factor of 20*+22*?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11996
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11995
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11994
In a game, the cards in a certain deck are distributed to players one at a time until each player has the same number of cards and there are not enough cards left in the deck to distribute one more card to each player. The number of cards in the deck is between 60 and 100. If the cards in the deck are distributed o 5 players, 2 cards will be left in the deck. If the cards in the deck are distributed to 6 players, 4 cards will be left in the deck. If the cards in the deck are distributed to 7 players, how many cards will be left in the deck?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11993
Let a be the greatest integer such that is a factor of 1,500, and let b be the greatest integer such that is a factor of 33,333,333. Which of the following statements are true? Indicate all such statements.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11992
A set consists of all three-digit positive integers with the following properties.Each integer is of the form JKL,where J,K,and I are digits;all the digits are nonzero;and the two-digit integers JK and KL are each divisible by 9.How many integers are in the set?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11991
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11990
The number of children in a certain family is a prime number less than 10. The number of boys in the family is greater than the number of girls, and the number of boys is a prime number. If at least 1 of the children in the family is a girl, which of the following could be the number of boys in the family?Indicate all such numbers.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11989
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11988
x and y are integers.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11987
x and y are integers.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11986
a and b are distinct odd prime numbers.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11985
When the integer n is divided by 33, the remainder is 24. Which of the following must be a divisor of n?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11984
4.What is the length of an edge of the smallest solid cube that can be made by placing together solid rectangular blocks of size 7 by 6 by 3?
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11983
Light travels at approximately 186,000 miles per second.Which of the following is closest to the number of miles that light travels in 3 hours.
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11982
The number n is the least positive integer for which 108n is the square of an intege
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11981
The number n is the least positive integer for which 108n is the square of an intege
[数学 ]【新版】冲分救命题 -11980
If x=2y+1, and y=2w, where w, x, and y are integers, which of the following must be an odd integer?
[数学 ]OG -11979
If x=2y+1, and y=2w, where w, x, and y are integers, which of the following must be an odd integer?
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