Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the 答案解析-雷哥GRE

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The large merchants who dominated long-distance trade in the Spanish empire for the better part of three centuries have been traditionally depicted by historians as a privileged group that used its political and financial clout to protect its interests while engaging in uncompetitive economic practices, largely to the detriment of Spain and its colonies. This image suggested specifically that the colonial commercial system was irrationally organized, choked Spain 's economic progress, and generated unwarranted monopoly rents [profits]. all for the benefit of the privileged traders of the merchant guilds.

None of these conclusions are wholly incorrect, but they largely fail to appreciate the unpredictable environment in which these traders engaged. Without having adequately reflected on the role of risk in oceanic commerce, historians have tended to paint an overly one-dimensional portrait of the large merchants and their commercial practices. Long-distance traders responded to conditions of poor information, tremendous uncertainty. And endemic risk by adopting defensive strategics and embracing risk-reducing institutions. Avoiding risk, however, neither meant that the Spanish merchants lacked entrepreneurial spirit nor that they were somehow the precapitalist rentiers that historians sometimes imply. To the contrary, no merchant could operate in the highly risky Atlantic world trade without constantly anticipating and taking active measure to avoid catastrophe. Being successful in early modern, long-distance trade required that merchants act defensively to prevent economic misfortune. Fortunes came gradually to patient and shrewd traders, but financial ruin could happen overnight.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the "defensive strategics""?

A. They led some large Spanish merchants into financial ruin. B. They were effective only under very specific circumstances. C. They were not widely used by large Spanish merchants. D. There has been disagreement among historians as to how effective they were. E. They have been viewed by some scholars as monopolistic in nature.

正确答案： E 耗时：

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当前版本由314681irjrt更新于2023-07-13 15:50:09 感谢由314681irjrt对此题目的解答所做出的贡献。

推断题。结合题目中defensive strategics，定位第二段第四句，但第四句只是提到采取防御策略能够降低风险，对本题没有太大帮助，需要继续往后面读，后文提到“To the contrary, no merchant could operate in the highly risky Atlantic world trade without constantly anticipating and taking active measure to avoid catastrophe”也就是说所有的商人都采取了这种measure，所以这种采取所谓的measure或strategies就被学者认为是一种垄断行为。对应E选项。 A错误，financial ruin财务困境，原文没提到。 B错误，under very specific circumstances在非常特殊的情况下，无关信息。 C错误，结合E选项分析可知，这些商人都采取了这种策略，与原文矛盾。 D错误，disagreement among historians与原文无关。